Most Government Agencies require employees to sign non-disclosure agreements (see below) which prevents "strictly confidential" information from being released to the general public. Such entities, for example, would include the IMF, UN, Banks, Government Agencies, Defense, etc... and any other agency with information that could possibly jeapordize a country's safety. Anyone found "leaking" such information, will be prosecuted and immediately dismissed.Confidential:
Private or secret; something treated with trust, resulting in a feeling of security that information will not be disclosed to other parties. An example is the confidentiality of conversations and records between attorney and client.
con·fi·den·tial (kŏn'fĭ-dĕn'shəl)
adj.
*Done or communicated in confidence; secret.
*Entrusted with the confidence of another: a confidential secretary.
*Denoting confidence or intimacy: a confidential tone of voice.
*Containing information, the unauthorized disclosure of which poses a threat to national security.
__________
Six fundamental, atomic, non-overlapping attributes of information that are protected by information security measures. Defined by Donn B. Parker, renowned security consultant and writer, they are confidentiality, possession, integrity, authenticity, availability and utility.
The Parkerian Hexad attributes are the following:
Confidentiality
Possession or Control
Integrity
Authenticity
Availability
Utility
These attributes of information are atomic in that they are not broken down into further constituents; they are non-overlapping in that they refer to unique aspects of information. Any information security breach can be described as affecting one or more of these fundamental attributes of information.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality refers to limits on who can get what kind of information. For example, executives concerned about protecting their enterprise’s strategic plans from competitors; individuals are concerned about unauthorized access to their financial records.
Possession or Control
Possession or Control: Suppose a thief were to steal a sealed envelope containing a bank debit card and (foolishly) its personal identification number. Even if the thief did not open that envelope, the victim of the theft would legitimately be concerned that (s)he could do so at any time without the control of the owner. That situation illustrates a loss of control or possession of information but does not involve the breach of confidentiality.
Integrity
Integrity refers to being correct or consistent with the intended state of information. Any unauthorized modification of data, whether deliberate or accidental, is a breach of data integrity. For example, data stored on disk are expected to be stable – they are not supposed to be changed at random by problems with the disk controllers. Similarly, application programs are supposed to record information correctly and not introduce deviations from the intended values.
From Donn Parker[citation needed]: My definition of information integrity comes from the dictionaries. Integrity means that the information is whole, sound, and unimpared (not necessarily correct). It means nothing is missing from the information it is complete and in intended good order. The author's statement comes close in saying that the information is in a correct...state. Information may be incorrect or not authentic but have integrity or correct and authentic but lacking in integrity.
Authenticity
Authenticity refers to the veracity of the claim of origin or authorship of the information. For example, one method for verifying the authorship of a hand written document is to compare the handwriting characteristics of the document to a sampling of others which have already been verified. For electronic information, a digital signature could be used to verify the authorship of a digital document using public-key cryptography (could also be used to verify the integrity of the document).
Availability
Availability means having timely access to information. For example, a disk crash or denial-of-service attacks both cause a breach of availability. Any delay that exceeds the expected service levels for a system can be described as a breach of availability.
Utility
Utility means usefulness. For example, suppose someone encrypted data on disk to prevent unauthorized access or undetected modifications – and then lost the decryption key: that would be a breach of utility. The data would be confidential, controlled, integral, authentic, and available – they just wouldn’t be useful in that form. Similarly, conversion of salary data from one currency into an inappropriate currency would be a breach of utility, as would the storage of data in a format inappropriate for a specific computer architecture; e.g., EBCDIC instead of ASCII or 9-track magnetic tape instead of DVD-ROM. A tabular representation of data substituted for a graph could be described as a breach of utility if the substitution made it more difficult to interpret the data. Utility is often confused with availability because breaches such as those described in these examples may also require time to work around the change in data format or presentation. However, the concept of usefulness is distinct from that of availability
http://www.answers.com/topic/confidential
EMPLOYEE CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT
In consideration of my employment or continued employment by XXX Inc., the "Company"), and the compensation now and hereafter paid to me, I hereby agree as follows:
1. RECOGNITION OF COMPANY'S RIGHTS; NONDISCLOSURE.
con·fi·den·tial (kŏn'fĭ-dĕn'shəl)
adj.
*Done or communicated in confidence; secret.
*Entrusted with the confidence of another: a confidential secretary.
*Denoting confidence or intimacy: a confidential tone of voice.
*Containing information, the unauthorized disclosure of which poses a threat to national security.
__________
Six fundamental, atomic, non-overlapping attributes of information that are protected by information security measures. Defined by Donn B. Parker, renowned security consultant and writer, they are confidentiality, possession, integrity, authenticity, availability and utility.
The Parkerian Hexad attributes are the following:
Confidentiality
Possession or Control
Integrity
Authenticity
Availability
Utility
These attributes of information are atomic in that they are not broken down into further constituents; they are non-overlapping in that they refer to unique aspects of information. Any information security breach can be described as affecting one or more of these fundamental attributes of information.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality refers to limits on who can get what kind of information. For example, executives concerned about protecting their enterprise’s strategic plans from competitors; individuals are concerned about unauthorized access to their financial records.
Possession or Control
Possession or Control: Suppose a thief were to steal a sealed envelope containing a bank debit card and (foolishly) its personal identification number. Even if the thief did not open that envelope, the victim of the theft would legitimately be concerned that (s)he could do so at any time without the control of the owner. That situation illustrates a loss of control or possession of information but does not involve the breach of confidentiality.
Integrity
Integrity refers to being correct or consistent with the intended state of information. Any unauthorized modification of data, whether deliberate or accidental, is a breach of data integrity. For example, data stored on disk are expected to be stable – they are not supposed to be changed at random by problems with the disk controllers. Similarly, application programs are supposed to record information correctly and not introduce deviations from the intended values.
From Donn Parker[citation needed]: My definition of information integrity comes from the dictionaries. Integrity means that the information is whole, sound, and unimpared (not necessarily correct). It means nothing is missing from the information it is complete and in intended good order. The author's statement comes close in saying that the information is in a correct...state. Information may be incorrect or not authentic but have integrity or correct and authentic but lacking in integrity.
Authenticity
Authenticity refers to the veracity of the claim of origin or authorship of the information. For example, one method for verifying the authorship of a hand written document is to compare the handwriting characteristics of the document to a sampling of others which have already been verified. For electronic information, a digital signature could be used to verify the authorship of a digital document using public-key cryptography (could also be used to verify the integrity of the document).
Availability
Availability means having timely access to information. For example, a disk crash or denial-of-service attacks both cause a breach of availability. Any delay that exceeds the expected service levels for a system can be described as a breach of availability.
Utility
Utility means usefulness. For example, suppose someone encrypted data on disk to prevent unauthorized access or undetected modifications – and then lost the decryption key: that would be a breach of utility. The data would be confidential, controlled, integral, authentic, and available – they just wouldn’t be useful in that form. Similarly, conversion of salary data from one currency into an inappropriate currency would be a breach of utility, as would the storage of data in a format inappropriate for a specific computer architecture; e.g., EBCDIC instead of ASCII or 9-track magnetic tape instead of DVD-ROM. A tabular representation of data substituted for a graph could be described as a breach of utility if the substitution made it more difficult to interpret the data. Utility is often confused with availability because breaches such as those described in these examples may also require time to work around the change in data format or presentation. However, the concept of usefulness is distinct from that of availability
http://www.answers.com/topic/confidential
EMPLOYEE CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT
In consideration of my employment or continued employment by XXX Inc., the "Company"), and the compensation now and hereafter paid to me, I hereby agree as follows:
1. RECOGNITION OF COMPANY'S RIGHTS; NONDISCLOSURE.
At all times during the term of my employment and thereafter, I will hold in strictest confidence and will not disclose, use, lecture upon or publish any of the Company's Proprietary Information (defined below), except as such disclosure, use or publication may be required in connection with my work for the Company, or unless an executive officer of the Company expressly authorizes such in writing. The term "Proprietary Information" shall mean trade secrets, confidential knowledge, data or any other information of the Company. By way of illustration but not limitation,
"Proprietary Information" includes (a) inventions, mask works, trade secrets, ideas, processes, formulas, source and object codes, data, programs, other works of authorship, know-how, improvements,
discoveries, developments, designs and techniques (hereinafter collectively referred to as "Inventions"); and (b) information regarding plans for research, development, new products, regulatory matters, marketing and selling, business plans, budgets and unpublished financial statements, licenses, prices and costs, suppliers and customers; and information regarding the skills and compensation of other employees of the Company.
2. THIRD PARTY INFORMATION.
discoveries, developments, designs and techniques (hereinafter collectively referred to as "Inventions"); and (b) information regarding plans for research, development, new products, regulatory matters, marketing and selling, business plans, budgets and unpublished financial statements, licenses, prices and costs, suppliers and customers; and information regarding the skills and compensation of other employees of the Company.
2. THIRD PARTY INFORMATION.
I understand, in addition, that the Company has received, and in the future will receive, from third parties confidential or proprietary information ("Third Party Information") subject to a duty on the Company's part to maintain the confidentiality of such information and to use it only for certain limited purposes. During the term of my employment and thereafter, I will hold Third Party Information in the strictest confidence and will not disclose to anyone (except in connection with my work for the Company), unless expressly authorized by an executive officer of the Company in writing.
3. ASSIGNMENT OF INVENTIONS.
3.1 ASSIGNMENT.
I hereby assign to the Company all my right, title and interest in and to any and all Inventions (and all patent rights, copyrights, mask work rights, trademarks, trade secret rights, all other rights throughout the world in connection therewith, and the goodwill associate with all of the foregoing (collectively, "Proprietary Rights"), whether or not patentable or registrable under patent, copyright, trademark or similar statutes, made or conceived or reduced to practice or learned by me, either alone or jointly with others, during the period of my employment with the Company. Inventions assigned to, or as directed by, the Company under this Paragraph 3 are hereinafter referred to as "Company Inventions." I agree, upon request, to execute, verify and deliver assignments of the Proprietary Rights to the Company or its designee and I hereby appoint the Company my attorney-in-fact with respect to the Proprietary Rights for the purpose of effecting any or all of the Company's rights to and use of the Proprietary Rights.
3.2 GOVERNMENT.
3.2 GOVERNMENT.
I also agree to assign to, or as directed by the Company, all my right, title and interest in and to any and all Inventions, full title to which is required to be assigned to the United States of America by a contract between the Company and United States of America or any of its agencies.
3.3 WORKS FOR HIRE.
3.3 WORKS FOR HIRE.
I acknowledge that all original works of authorship which are made by me (solely or jointly with others) within the scope of my employment and which are protectable by copyright are "works made for hire," as that term is defined in the United States Copyright Act (17 U.S.C. Section 101).
4. ENFORCEMENT OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.
4. ENFORCEMENT OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.
I will assist the Company in every proper way to obtain and enforce United States and foreign Proprietary Rights relating to Inventions in any and all countries. My obligation to assist the Company with respect to Proprietary Rights relating to such Inventions in any and all countries shall continue beyond the termination of my employment, but the Company shall compensate me at a reasonable rate after my termination for the time actually spent by me at the Company's request on such assistance.
5. WAIVER OF CLAIMS
5. WAIVER OF CLAIMS
I hereby waive any and all claims, of any nature whatsoever, which I now or may hereafter have for infringement of any Proprietary Rights assigned by me to the Company pursuant to this pursuant to this Employee Confidentiality Agreement. (the "Agreement").
6. OBLIGATION TO KEEP COMPANY INFORMED.
During the period of my employment, I will promptly disclose all Inventions to the Company fully and in writing and will hold such Inventions in trust for the sole right and benefit of the Company. In addition, after termination of my employment, I will promptly disclose all patent applications filed by me within a year after termination of my employment with the Company.
7. PRIOR INVENTIONS.
Inventions, if any, patented or unpatented, which I made prior to the commencement of my employment with the Company are excluded from the scope of this Agreement. To preclude any possible uncertainty, I have set forth on EXHIBIT A attached hereto a complete list of all Inventions
7. PRIOR INVENTIONS.
Inventions, if any, patented or unpatented, which I made prior to the commencement of my employment with the Company are excluded from the scope of this Agreement. To preclude any possible uncertainty, I have set forth on EXHIBIT A attached hereto a complete list of all Inventions
(i) that I have, alone or jointly with others, conceived, developed or reduced to practice prior to the commencement of my employment with the Company, (ii) that I consider to be my property or the property of third parties and (iii) that I wish to have excluded from the scope of this Agreement. If disclosure of any such Invention on EXHIBIT A would potentially cause me to violate a prior confidentiality agreement, I understand that I am obligated only to describe such Invention in
general terms in order to avoid such violation.
8. COVENANT NOT TO SOLICIT OR COMPETE.
8.1 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS.
(a) I agree that during the period of my employment by the Company I will not, without the Company's prior written consent, engage in any employment or business activity other than for the Company. I further agree that during the term of my employment with the Company and for a period of one (1) year thereafter, I also shall not solicit, or arrange to have any other person or entity solicit, any person or entity engaged by the Company as an employee, customer, supplier, or consultant or advisor to the Company to terminate such party's relationship with the Company.
general terms in order to avoid such violation.
8. COVENANT NOT TO SOLICIT OR COMPETE.
8.1 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS.
(a) I agree that during the period of my employment by the Company I will not, without the Company's prior written consent, engage in any employment or business activity other than for the Company. I further agree that during the term of my employment with the Company and for a period of one (1) year thereafter, I also shall not solicit, or arrange to have any other person or entity solicit, any person or entity engaged by the Company as an employee, customer, supplier, or consultant or advisor to the Company to terminate such party's relationship with the Company.
The time periods provided for in this Section 8.1(a) shall be extended for a period of time equal to any period of time in which I shall be in violation of any provision of this Section 8.
(b) In view of the unique nature of the business of the Company and the need of the Company to maintain its competitive advantage in the industry, I agree and acknowledge that, in the event that I breach any other covenant or obligation set forth herein, a court of competent jurisdiction shall enjoin me for a period of one (1) year following the issuance of such injunctive order from, directly or indirectly, within the United States of America or its Territories or Possessions, or within anyother country,
(b) In view of the unique nature of the business of the Company and the need of the Company to maintain its competitive advantage in the industry, I agree and acknowledge that, in the event that I breach any other covenant or obligation set forth herein, a court of competent jurisdiction shall enjoin me for a period of one (1) year following the issuance of such injunctive order from, directly or indirectly, within the United States of America or its Territories or Possessions, or within anyother country,
(i) engaging in, (ii) owning an interest in, (iii) being employed by, or consulting for, or acting as an advisor to, any person or entity which engages in, or (iv) otherwise participating in any way in, any activity which competes with the Business (as defined in Section 8.2 below) of the Company..
8.2 DEFINITION OF BUSINESS; COVENANT TO AGREE
8.2 DEFINITION OF BUSINESS; COVENANT TO AGREE
For purposes of Section 8.1 above, the term "Business" shall mean: (i) the research, development, manufacture, distribution, license and commercialization of antiinfective drugs.
9. NO IMPROPER USE OF MATERIALS.
9. NO IMPROPER USE OF MATERIALS.
During my employment by the Company, I will not improperly use or disclose any confidential information or trade secrets, if any, of any former employer or any other person to whom I have an obligation of confidentiality, and I will not bring onto the premises of the Company any unpublished documents or any property belonging to any former employer or any other person to whom I have an obligation ofconfidentiality unless consented to in writing by that former employer or person.
10. NO CONFLICTING OBLIGATION; NO MISREPRESENTATION
I represent that my performance of all the terms of this Agreement and my performance of my duties as an employee of the Company do not and will not breach any agreement to keep in confidence information acquired by me in confidence or in trust prior to my employment by the Company. I have not entered into, and I agree I will not enter into, any agreement either written or oral in conflict herewith. I further agree that
I will not misrepresent in any manner, my title or the nature of my current role and responsibilities at XXX to any potential or future employer.
11. RETURN OF COMPANY DOCUMENTS.
11. RETURN OF COMPANY DOCUMENTS.
When I leave the employ of the Company, I will deliver to the Company any and all drawings, notes, memoranda, specifications, devices, formulas, molecules, cells, storage media, including software, documents and computer printouts, together with all copies thereof, and any other material containing or disclosing any Inventions, Third Party Information or Proprietary Information of the Company. I further agree that any property situated on the Company's premises and owned by the Company, including disks and other storage media, filing cabinets or other work areas, is subject to inspection by Company personnel at any time with or without notice.
12. LEGAL AND EQUITABLE REMEDIES.
Because my services are personal and unique and because I may have access to and may become acquainted with the Proprietary Information of the Company, the Company shall have the right to enforce this Agreement and any of its provisions by injunction, specific performance or other equitable relief, without bond, without prejudice to any other rights and remedies that the Company may have for a breach of this, and I waive the claim or defense that the Company has an adequate remedy at law. I shall not, in any action or proceeding to enforce any of the provisions of this Agreement, assert the claim or defense that such an adequate remedy at law exists.
13. NOTICES.
Any notices required or permitted hereunder shall be given to me at the address specified below or at such other address as I shall specify in writing. Such notice shall be deemed given upon personal delivery to the appropriate address or if sent by certified or registered mail, three days after the date of mailing.
14. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
14.1 GOVERNING LAW.
This Agreement is executed under seal and will be governed by and construed according to the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
14.2
ENTIRE AGREEMENT
This agreement is the final, complete and exclusive agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes and merges all prior discussions between us. No modification or amendment of this Agreement, nor any waiver of any rights under this Agreement, will be effective unless in writing signed by the party to be charged. Any subsequent change or changes in my duties, salary or compensation will not affect the validity or scope of this Agreement. As used in this Agreement, the period of my employment includes any time during which I may be retained by the Company as a consultant.
14.3 SEVERABILITY.
14.3 SEVERABILITY.
If one or more of the provisions in this Agreement are deemed unenforceable by the law, then the remaining provisions will continue in full force and effect.
14.4 SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS.
This Agreement will be binding upon my heirs, executors, administrators and other legal representatives and will be for the benefit of the Company, its successors, and its assigns. I may not assign any of my rights, or delegate any of my obligations, under this Agreement.
14.5 SURVIVAL.
The provisions of this Agreement shall survive the termination of my employment and the assignment of this Agreement by the Company to any successor in interest or other assignee.
14.6 EMPLOYMENT.
I agree and understand that nothing in this Agreement shall confer on me any right with respect to continuation of my employment with the Company, nor shall it interfere in any way with my right or the Company's right to terminate my employment at any time, with or without cause.
14.7 WAIVER
No waiver by the Company of any breach of this Agreement shall be a waiver of any preceding or succeeding breach. No waiver by the Company of any right under this Agreement shall be construed as a waiver of any other right. The Company shall not be required to give notice to enforce strict adherence to all terms of this Agreement.
14.8 JURISDICTION AND VENUE; WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL.
In case of any dispute hereunder, the parties will submit to the exclusive
jurisdiction and venue of any court of competent jurisdiction sitting in
Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and will comply with all requirements necessary to give such court jurisdiction over the parties and the controversy.
EACH PARTY HEREBY WAIVES ANY RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL AND TO CLAIM OR RECOVER PUNITIVE DAMAGES WITH RESPECT TO THIS AGREEMENT.
14.9 DISCLOSURE.
14.9 DISCLOSURE.
I agree that the Company may, provide a copy of this Agreement to any business or enterprise (i) which I may directly or indirectly own, manage, operate, finance, join, control or participate in the ownership, management, operation, financing, or control of, or (ii) with which I may be connected with as an officer, director, employee, partner, principal, agent, representative, consultant or otherwise, or in connection with which I may use or permit my name to be used. I agree that I will provide the names and addresses of any such persons or entities as the Company may from time to time reasonably request.
I UNDERSTAND THAT THIS AGREEMENT AFFECTS MY RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS I MAKE DURING MY EMPLOYMENT, AND RESTRICTS MY RIGHTS TO DISCLOSE OR USE THE COMPANY'S CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OR TO COMPETE WITH THE COMPANY DURING OR SUBSEQUENT TO MY EMPLOYMENT.
I HAVE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY AND UNDERSTAND ITS TERMS. I HAVE COMPLETELY FILLED OUT EXHIBIT A TO THIS AGREEMENT.
EMPLOYEE
Signature:
-------------------------------
Name:
---------------------------------
Dated:
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more words ~
Investment Fraud ~ You've heard it many times before: If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Be Prepared and Be Aware ...
